Tuesday, November 27, 2012

Father of Rambo(w)



The truth is, we are surrounded with conceptual images every day. We are constantly deciphering images and juxtapositions which challenge us into looking deeper. I thought psychedelic posters were interesting and part of the kid that still lingers around inside me wants to delve into that world, but now I see it as merely relative to a time. I understand how they represent the significant era of “freedom and love” but something in me just says that they were just a bunch of hippies ripping off art nouveau and adding in colors that were “trippy.” I guess it is the concept what is important here.

What really caught my attention in the chapter about the conceptual image are the works by Gunter Rambow (b.1938). His name got me thinking of a certain movie war veteran that wreaked havoc through a small town, but I digress. As a fan of M.C. Escher optical illusion drawings when I was a kid, Rambow’s surreal manipulated photographs are hauntingly attractive to me. Unlike the psychedelic posters where you are saying, “Is that text? What does that say?” you become intrigued with Rambow’s imagery and wonder what the true meaning is.
 
When looking at Rambow and Michael van de Sand’s  S. Fisher-Verlag poster, there is a book standing in a space. The book has a window on it with the sun shining through so bright that it casts the light and shadow on the ground in front of the book and does not let be scene what is beyond the window is not visible.  Naturally, the image gives the impression that the text contained in the book is the answer to what is beyond the window.

It is interesting to see Rambow’s work as it predates the use of photo editing software like Adobe Photoshop. To see realistic looking images in an unprecedented surrealistic manner by, what seems to be, a painstakingly process of taking photographs, melding and layering them, and then reshooting them, is almost unimaginable. Yet Rambow pulls it off with great detail with highly thought provoking content.

The poster, Utopie Dynamit is a great example of content that challenges the viewer. The print was designed in 1976 and shows the explosion and defragmentation of a corporate (the modern glass box) looking building. Without context, the image suggests the destruction of the modern corporate architectural identity and without a understanding the language it is written in, an English reading viewer might decipher it as utopian ideals blowing up capitalistic ideals or a capitalistic utopia is exploding. Viewing the image after the 9/11 gives the image more of a terroristic identity. To understand the image we must understand the context. The Utopie actually refers to a movement in Paris between 1967 and 1978 that included architects, socialists, and urbanists who protested the reform of architectural education, the expansion and replanning of the Parisian urban planning o Charles de Gualle, and the domestication of military and industrial technologies. This information now gives some external knowledge about the image and its meaning. Utopie was trying to combat the modernization of architecture in favor for design that followed historical Paris.

Another of Ranbow’s iconic surreal book image is a poster for S. Fisher with a light bulb superimposed as if it lives in a space inside the book cover. The design implies that ideas are to be found inside the book or sheds light on the subject.

“Sigh”… Conceptual design… so much fun.

A large amount of Gunter Rambow’s work can be found at  www.gunterrambow.de

Sources
Meggs History of Graphic Design

Tuesday, November 20, 2012

How Symbolic.



The “International Typographic Style,” is discussed in chapter eighteen of Meggs’ History of Graphic design as a typographic style, derived from Swiss designers, which influenced design across the Western World. However, this typographic style did not communicate across a truly international audience without the introduction of pictograms.

Originally introduced during the Bauhaus were Gerd Arntz and Otto Neurath’s isotype pictographs. These pictographs used simple symbolic images used to convey certain amounts and types of people in graphic manner. In the way they were used, a supplemental text was needed in order to show the context of the information presented. With influence of modern design including Bauhaus and the Swiss’ International Typographic Style, the United States Department of Transportation commissioned the American Institute of Graphic Arts in 1974 to create a set of symbols, which could transcend language barriers. A true international visual language was born from this project and can be seen all over the world, with slight modifications to accommodate differences in languages. The Olympic Games have also repeated the use of pictographs in order to surpass language barriers by having symbolic images represent different types of sports. 
National Parks Symbols
Department of Transportation Symbols

The use of the pictogram is ever so present in our modern society. We are bombarded with them on a daily basis whether we go to the airport, school, or the mall. We find them as icons on our “smart phones” and as playful images on t-shirts. They are easily recognizable and quick to register in our brains, but is this really a good thing? Could the constant use, or over use of pictograms be dumbing the population down?
 
Mike Judge is a writer and animator most notably known for his creation of Beavis and Butthead on MTV. He also created the well-known animated sitcom, King of the Hill. In 2006 Judge wrote, directed, and produced the movie, Idiocracy, a satirical comedy that explores the idea that only stupid people are breading. The protagonist, played by Luke Wilson, awakens in the future to find that he is the smartest man alive when in his time he was simply average. This future world in is plagued by advertisements catering to a population of invalids and in a scene in which he visits the doctor’s office, the nurse hovers over a keyboard with pictograms of a series of ailments. The images are hilarious as some of the ailments indicate death, yet the idea that person needs little intelligence to interpret them seems pretty dismal if this is the future.

Scene from Idiocracy 2006
 Sources
Meggs History of Graphic Design
AIGA
lardbiscuit.com
IMDB
wikipedia.org - Mike_Judge 

Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Secret Identity, Bauhaus Style



In chapter twelve, Meggs’ History of Graphic design introduced the early developmental stages of branding and marketing with an overall cohesion throughout in the identity of AEG (Allgemeine Elekrizitätz-Gesellsschaft) designed by Peter Behrens in 1908.  When looking at the majority of his pages, pamphlets, posters, and other paraphernalia of AEG, there is a clear and distinct look and feel that is consistently portrayed through and through. Behren’s Roman style font, designed specifically for AEG, and the use of the circle contained in a box and echoed from page to page. This played a crucial role in corporate identity overall and pulled away from confused designs of the prior century. What was curious to see was the handling of corporate identity when modern art began to grasp the world and how branding was handled when there was a broader spectrum of information to be delivered.
Logo and poster designs for AEG by Peter Behrens, 1907
Gyorgy Kepes
The Container Corporation of America (CCA) was founded in 1926 by Walter P. Paepcke out of Chicago, Illinois, by uniting fourteen smaller paper box and container manufacturers. Employing Egbert Jacobson as art director in 1936 and often commissioning influential designers and talent such as Herbert Matter, Herbert Bayer, A.M. Cassandre, Lázló Moholo-Nagy, Jean Carlu, Fernand Léger, Gyorgy Kepes, CCA lead the way in corporate graphics for packaging, logos, posters, publication, and advertising. The company was in business until 1968 when it was merged with the merchandise company, Montgomery Ward. 

As a packaging company, CCA had to advertise directly to other companies and create and identity for themselves. Armed with modern design aficionados from the Bauhaus proved to be prolific in interesting in the handling of branding and advertisement. 

Container Corporation of America 1943
Herbert Bayer
CCA ads were very modern for the times, purposeful, and constructivist in nature. The images produced almost always used symbols to convey ideas as well as the function of their product and while none of the designs could be considered similar, their Bauhaus and constructivist influences unite them. Another mainstay and consistency about the designs which would inherently “say” CCA is on each CCA advertisement box container exists. The box may be closed, open, with a smaller container next to it, or multiple containers next to it, but it always exists on the page with a three dimensionality to it. This three dimensional, high contrast box was Container Corporation of America’s trademark.
Toni Zepf 1938

A.M. Cassandre, c.1940
 However, Unlike Peter Behren’s AEG Identity, CCA seemed to lack a specified font for the wordtype. The only consistency here is that the words, Container Corporation of America, appeared in all capitals in a san-serif font.
CCA’s 3D box logo continued in use until it was redesigned by Jacobson’s art director successor, Ralph Eckerstrom, in 1957. The new logo showed “CCA” inside a box that could be seen as opening up to the left or down to the right in a dual perspective. 

There is a large catalog of CCA advertisements if just Google Container Corporation of America. Here are a few I found interesting:
Sources
Meggs’ History of Graphic Design
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Design


Tuesday, November 6, 2012

Post your Poster

In light that today, November 6, 2012, is election day here in the United States, I saw it fitting to seek out campaign posters of the early 20th century.

The States were somewhat late to game when it came to the European modernists ideas of design. Meggs states, "a visit to America in 1923 excited [Lucian] Bernhard, and he returned to live in New York. His [Plakatstil] work was far too modern to gain acceptance in America." This is nearly two decades after the modern movements in art and design had already begun. But in some of the poster work you can still see some of trickling in of modern design.

In Meggs, we see one example of the European poster design influence in James Montgomery Flagg's military recruiting poster (1917) where it is a clear copy of Alfred Leete's recruiting poster (1915). But, these would not be considered examples of modern designs they do, exhibit some qualities such as simplified designs using a short slogan with a single image.


Another poster that follows the simplified design sense of early 20th century Europe is this poster for William H. Taft's campaign versus William J. Bryan in the 1908 presidential election. The poster is designed by John de Yongh (1856-1917) who shows similar style to plakatstil with the large flat background and flat color for the name bill.

This Socialist Party campaign poster for the 1904 election still shows exhibits design sense left over from the Victorian print.
A 1912 election poster for Theodore Roosevelt and Johnson uses a photo representation instead of an illustration.
Woodrow Wilson's America First posters which have the heroic imagery.
The fact is, it is very difficult to find any U.S. made campaign posters that truly exhibit a plakatstil, Sach plakat, or any modernist style of poster design... Then again.